Tag Archives: Ramadan

Eid-ul-Adha – Eid Mubarak

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A post contributed by Hasan Gilani about Eid-ul-Adha (Eid of sacrifice) which takes place on Tue, 20th July in 2021.

There are two key Eid’s (Celebration Festivals) in Islam: Eid-ul-Fitr, which signifies the completion of the Holy Month of Ramadan (which was celebrated in May this year); and Eid-ul-Adha, the greater Eid, which follows the completion of the annual Hajj pilgrimage, at the time of Qurbani (sacrifice).

Eid al-Adha literally translates as “Feast of the Sacrifice”. This is because it honours the famous story of the willingness of the Prophet Ibrahim – known in the Christian Old Testament as Abraham – to sacrifice his son as an act of obedience to God’s command. Eid ul-Adha celebrates the time when Ibrahim had a dream which he believed was a message from Allah asking him to sacrifice his son Isma’il as an act of obedience to God. The devil tempted Ibrahim by saying he should disobey Allah and spare his son. At the very point of sacrifice, Allah replaced Ismail with a ram, which was to be slaughtered in place of his son. This command from Allah was a test of Prophet Ibrahim’s willingness and commitment to obey his Lord’s command, without question. Therefore, Eid-ul-Adha means the festival of sacrifice.

To remember Ibrahim’s story, Muslims ritually sacrifice animals – normally sheep, goat, lamb, cow or a camel – on Eid al-Adha. A third of the meat is consumed by the family who perform the sacrifice and the rest is given to the poor.

The purpose of sacrifice in Eid al-Adha is not about shedding of blood just to satisfy God. It is about sacrificing something a Muslim loves in order to advance the festival’s message. It is also about donating to the poor and sharing meat with them as they usually don’t have access to meat throughout the year. Not all Muslims sacrifice an animal themselves. They can buy special meat from shops and donate that. Or they can donate money to charities that give special meat to others. Muslims also give money to charity so that poor people can celebrate too.

All these ways honour the story of Ibrahim. Taking care of others is a very important part of being a Muslim.

Eid ul-Adha is a public holiday in Muslim countries. In 2021, Eid ul-Adha will begin on the evening of Monday 19 July and end on the evening of Friday 23 July.

Muslims wish each other as Eid Mubarak (which means have a blessed Eid) on Eid days.

Ramadhan Kareem – 30 days of Ramadhan part 3

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In addition to our recent post about Ramadhan we are releasing posts to recognise the three categories of blessing over the 30 days of Ramadhan. Post contributed by Hasan Gilani.

Days 20-30

This is called Nijaat, meaning ‘salvation.’ These are also known as the Days of Seeking Refuge. This final stage of the month is about seeking sanctuary from the fires of Hell. Fasting itself is said to be a shield from Hellfire that’s as effective as any physical shield used in battle.

And the dua for this part of the month is…

‘O Almighty Allah, save me from the fire of Hell.’

These last ten days of Ramadhan are very significant as they are when Laylat al-Qadr takes place. Variously translated as Night of Power, Night of Destiny and other names, it commemorates the night when the Qur’an was first revealed to Muhammad (Peace be upon him). Although the prophet did not mention a specific date for the Night of Power, he did say to “seek it in the last 10 days on the odd nights.”

So Laylat al-Qadr is thought to fall on one of the odd-numbered nights in the final ten days of Ramadhan.

Many Muslims take part in the practice of Itikaf, which means staying in the mosque for several days and devoting themselves to secluded worship, away from the distraction of all worldly affairs.

Ramadhan Kareem celebration image of two hot cups for coffee and a bowl of dates shown against a golden background with a crescent moon on the top-right of the image

Ramadhan Kareem – 30 days of Ramadhan part 2

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In addition to our recent post about Ramadhan we are releasing posts to recognise the three categories of blessing over the 30 days of Ramadhan. Post contributed by Hasan Gilani.

Days 10-20

The second set of 10 days is called Maghfirah, meaning ‘forgiveness.’ So these are also known as the Days of Forgiveness.

This is the time when Muslims ask for forgiveness and peace from Allah.

They should apologise for all their mistakes, change their ways and forgive those who have done them wrong.

The dua for this Ashra is:

‘I ask forgiveness of my sins from Allah who is my Lord and I turn towards Him.’

Ramadhan Kareem image showing a golden coffee pot, a bowl of dates, coffee cups and a decorative crescent moon against a golden background

Ramadan Kareem – 30 days of Ramadhan

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In addition to our recent post about Ramadhan we are releasing posts to recognise the three categories of blessing over the 30 days of Ramadhan. Post contributed by Hasan Gilani.

Days 0-10

The first ten days of Ramadhan are also known as the Days of Mercy. This is called Rehmat, meaning ‘mercy of Allah.’

This is the time when Muslims seek mercy and blessings from Allah.

The dua for this part of the month is:

‘O My Lord forgive and have Mercy and you are the best of Merciful.’

In line with these prayers and the meaning of this Ashra (10 days), Muslims display mercy through acts of charity, by treating others well and helping people whenever they can.

A crescent moon symbol with lanterns and stars hangind from it is shown on a purple night sky background with the words Ramadan Kareem

Ramadhan – 13th April to 13th May

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Ramadhan is the ninth month of the Islamic (Hijri) calendar.

Featuring contributions from: Dr Hasan Gilani, Najiya Slimani, Fiona MacNeill (ed.)

About Ramadhan

Ramadhan1 is the ninth month of the Islamic (Hijri) calendar. The exact dates of Ramadhan vary every year. This is because Islam uses a calendar based on the cycles of the Moon. The lunar year being shorter and each month having 29 or 30 days only, Ramadhan moves forward every year. This year in the UK, Ramadhan will begin on Tuesday 13 April. Since many Muslims still like to rely on the moonsighting to determine the beginning of the month of Ramadhan, there may be a difference of a day in various parts of the world when Ramadhan begins. Across the globe, from approximately 13th April until 13th May 2021, close to one billion people will be observing Ramadhan.

Fasting during Ramadhan is one of the 5 pillars of Islam, along with the Muslim declaration of faith, daily prayer, charity and performing the Hajj pilgrimage in Mecca. It is an act of deep personal worship and an exercise in self-restraint. Muslims should not engage in cursing, fighting, or gossiping. It is seen as a way to physically and spiritually de-toxify. It is the month in which the Holy Qur’an was revealed to the Prophet Mohammed (PBUH2).

Muslims fast (no eating or drinking) between dawn and sunset. This is called Sawm/Syaam (fasting). For Muslims, it is a very beneficial act of worship as it teaches self-discipline, gratefulness for the bounties they enjoy and reminds them of the suffering of the less fortunate. Muslims often donate to charities during the month.

To prepare for the fast, Muslims eat what is commonly called ‘Suhoor’; a pre-dawn meal of power foods to get them through the day.

Can Muslims be exempt from fasting?

Pregnant and menstruating women, elderly people, those who are ill, have to take ingested medication or those that are travelling do not have to fast. Children are not expected to fast until they reach puberty.

Complex infographic poster with several sections. Repeats information outlined in text graphically.

Source: MyUS.com

Practices and Observances

Muslims use this opportunity to make extra spiritual efforts and try to give up bad habits. It is a special season for prayer, charity and good deeds.

Many Muslims try to read the whole of the Qur’an at least once during Ramadan. They will also attend special night prayers (Taraweeh) in Mosques during which the Qur’an is read.

Some Muslims take this opportunity to perform Umra (optional pilgrimage to Makkah KSA3) and visit the Prophet’s Mosque in Madina (KSA) and spend as many days/night as possible for worship and spiritualty.

Hundreds of people sit at long tables eating a Iftar dinner

An Iftar dinner at the Blue Mosque in Istanbul, Turkey

They will also try to get together with family and friends (wherever possible) especially on the occasion of breaking the fast and have a collective meal at sunset by preparing and sharing various dishes. They will also help people in need by setting a Ramadan Table wherever people of all religions are welcome to share Iftar4 (break the fast at sunset). Iftar dishes can be very colourful and rich and prepared with care, however most Muslims will traditionally break the fast with a few dates and milk or water before going for anything between the traditional Harira (Moroccan soup) in North Africa to Samosas and Bajias (Pakoras/Bhajees) in the Asian continent alongside many local savouries and sweet drinks and dishes.

Large crowds of people in rows stand outside Jama Masjid mosque in Delhi India during Eid

Jama Masjid of Delhi, one of the largest mosques in India during Eid.

How to respectfully recognise Ramadhan

Many Muslims are accepting and welcoming of others around them who are not observing Ramadhan and it is OK to eat or drink next to someone who is fasting. Muslims welcome questions about Ramadhan.

It is always good practice to greet and express good wishes at this time of the year, whether just before Ramadhan or in the first few days of the month. Muslims do culturally exchange best wishes and congratulate each other by saying “Ramadan Kareem / Happy Ramadan!”

In general Muslims don’t expect any “special treatment” during fasting as they are religiously encouraged to incorporate fasting in their normal daily activities, however it is good practice to ask Muslims colleagues if they need work to be adapted to their “focus hours”. They will highly appreciate it and it will boost collaboration at work.

At the time of Eid, saying “Eid Mubarak” is a good way of congratulating Muslims on the occasion of Eidul-Fitr.

Remember that not all Muslims fast (for medical reasons for example) so if you see a Muslim not fasting, avoid asking them in public.

Celebration illustration showing a latern at night hanging above a skyline of mosque onion domes

An example of a Ramadan Kareem image for Muslims to send via social media.

Comparative Theology

Quran says: “O you who believe! fasting is prescribed for you, as it was prescribed for those before you, so that you may guard (against evil)”.

In other religions, there are various forms of fasting, as fasting is widely recognised as a practice for spiritual purification, increasing awareness, or self-discipline. In Islam, fasting is an act of worship, whereby a Muslim draws closer to God by abandoning food, drink, and sexual intercourse from dawn to sunset.

Jews observe ten days of repentance starting with Rosh Hashanah (the Jewish New Year) and ending with Yom Kippur. Check out the recent Talk it out blog post about Passover/Pesach for more information about Judaism.

Lent is a forty-day period of fasting which is observed by the Roman Catholic, Anglican, and the Orthodox Church. Read the recent Talk it out blog post about fasting for Orthodox Christians.

How do Muslims mark the end of Ramadan?

Laylat al-Qadr  – The Night of Power/Destiny

The final 10 days of Ramadhan are marked by lots of worship as Muslims seek to have their prayers answered on “Laylat al-Qadr” (The Night of Power/Decree) which is considered the holiest night of the year for Muslims and can fall on any ‘odd’ numbered day within the last 10 days. This night commemorates the night that the Qur’an (the literal word of God which was relayed to humanity through the Prophet) was first revealed by Allah (God) to the Prophet Mohammed (PBUH) through the angel Gabriel. It is believed to have taken place on one of the final 10 nights of Ramadan in 610 CE, though the exact night is not specified in the Qur’an. This night is believed to be a night whereby good deeds are multiplied. (The night of Laylat al-Qadr is better than 1000 months as stated in the Qur’an).

The observance of Laylat al-Qadr holds additional significance to Muslims as a night in which the angels descend to earth leading to a night of peace, forgiveness, blessings and divine guidance (qadar) until dawn. It is commemorated with solemnity, devotion and prayer. Some observers spend the final 10 days in the mosque in retreat (I’tikaf).

Eid ul-Fitr – Festival of Breaking the Fast

Eid ul-Fitr marks the end of a month of fasting from dawn to sunset, as well as spiritual reflection and prayer. The day starts with morning prayers, wearing best attire and a big meal is usually the main event, but there’s lots of ways other people celebrate too.

Eid ul-Fitr is the festival day, one of the most important, similar to how important Christmas is for Christians.

Gifts can be exchanged, especially to young children who receive clothes and money.

A celebratory illustration for Eid showing a plate of food next to a lantern with the night sky and a mosque in the background of the image

An example of an image for social media celebrating Eid.

Further reading

Resources and events

Many mosques will remain open this year during Ramadan for prayers. They will continue to observe safety guidance by wearing face masks and respecting social distancing.

Every year, Muslims break their fast together in the mosque and share dishes. This year they will get together to break the fast with something light and pray together but without sharing food. They will then have the full meal in their homes with their families.

However, the night prayers will be shorter than usual. Many online programs take place to allow people to take part in various religious activities and lectures from home. Many Mosques in Sussex will have daily Zoom activities.

Any Questions?

Members of the network have said that they are happy to answer questions from the university community about Ramadhan. Please submit your question using the comments area below or contact Fiona MacNeill via teams/email (internal questions from staff/students only).

  1. Arabic: رَمَضَان , also spelled Ramazan, Ramzan, Ramadhan or Ramathan. ↩
  2. Peace be upon him. A phrase attached to holy figures in Islam. See this page of Wikipedia for information. ↩
  3. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ↩
  4. Also known as ftoor ↩
  5. Egyptian Islamic advisory, justiciary and governmental body. For information see this Wikipedia page. ↩
  6. News and blogging site based in Amman, Jordan. ↩