Endurance exercise

Endurance exercise

Endurance exercise has long been considered beneficial in the treatment procedures for patients living with type 2 diabetes a non-insulin-dependent form of diabetes (1). Endurance training has been recognized and advocated by many agencies including World health organization as the best type of exercise (3). This form of exercising has been shown positive effects as a form of treatments of Type 2 diabetes patients, endurance training was recently introduced by The Diabetes Prevention Programs as a design type of exercising in efforts to reduce physical difficulties in patients that suffer from movement restrictions daily (7).

Why Endurance exercise?

Endurance training have positive metabolic effects on patients resulting in improving mood, reducing body fats, decreasing on glucose levels on patients that use it as form of treatment especially when implemented has a lifestyle (7).

Impact of training techniques and clinical benefits when implementing exercising.

Positive effects on patients was first detected on those patients that changed training techniques, all obtaining significant clinical benefits, especially those patients that implemented endurance training as lifestyle (4). Physical activity has positive results on type 2 diabetes, when practising patients reduce their adipose tissue mass, and greater changes in body mass observed in obese patients. Endurance training basically determines that each patient keeping their bodies active, by regularly walking, jogging or biking improves their health, an alternative name given for endurance exercise is Aerobic exercise (7).

Aerobic exercise is a system recognized as remarkably efficient in which the human body converts the energy in foods eaten into a type of energy ATP (a primary source of energy source) in which body can easily absorb (convert in energy) (7). The most common type of exercise advised to patients is breathing activities because by practising their breathing activities patients are basically stimulating their heart rate, thus pumps oxygenated blood through the heart and oxygen inside the body will be transported into the muscles (6). When oxygen enters the body, it helps the release of hormones such as Serotonin, endorphins, and cortisol, three hormones mostly known as the motivator of happiness contributing to a improve in patient’s moods. Other hormones such as peptide YY and thyroid are used by the body to burn fats and carbohydrates, supressing appetite and insulin to regulate the level of blood sugar on the body where blood consuming sugars have a positive effect on training, because insulin will increase in glucose transporters (GLUT) proteins that will activate in an increase in numbers of insulin receptors in muscles that subsequently will improve patient quality of life, lowering risks of chronic diseases, and achieve greater heathy life expectancy(3) . 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fig 1.Relative risks of death from any cause among participants with various risk factors (e.g., history of hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD], diabetes, smoking, elevated body mass index [BMI ≥ 30] and high total cholesterol level [TC ≥ 5.70 mmol/L) who achieved an exercise capacity of less than 5 METs (metabolic equivalents) or 5–8 METs, as compared with participants whose exercise capacity was more than 8 METs. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals (2).

 Benefits of exercising:

The benefits of  endurance exercising are that patients muscles will get more efficient when performing because their muscles will consume oxygen regularly therefore increase in number of enzymes that transport the oxygen out of their bloodstream into their muscles, then oxygen molecules that circulate through their muscles will ultimately improve patients’ performance, adherence because the muscles will adapt to that lifestyle and will not run out of oxygen easily(7) . Results obtained by many patients from exercising routinely was greater training frequency, and long-term duration exercises (5).

Suggestions:

According with Diabetes prevention program researchers patients living with type 2 diabetes should include certain methods of physical activities daily and routinely, they  also advise patients to plan before, where they will take the exercises, time of day and for how long they will exercise, after this choose which type of exercise they will practise either daily or weekly (7) . Then implement most of the physical activities recommended by guidelines distributed by health professionals, instructions of guidelines recommends that to a start, patients continuously repeat on simple, practical exercises such as take the stairs often, take long distances  walks in parks for at least 20 minutes and increase this time when next exercising to increase breathing techniques, by increase their normal speed, then slowly reduce to their normal speed record all their workouts and use them on next trainings(5) .  After months reproducing these exercises patients obtain muscle mass because they burn more calories and apply it as a lifestyle, use it for social purposes to be able to be with a friend for example, all that will improve their health and quality of life as they age, and contribute to benefits on patients health(3) .

Exercising regularly bring positive benefits to patients living with type 2 diabetes, there is evidence that several patients improved their mood reducing depression and concentration levels, improving their flexibility (4). Higher positive effects were expressed in patients which changed their lifestyle, these were able to carry on with their daily activities and climbing stairs became an easier task (6). However there are not conclusive studies made by many Diabetes Prevention  Programs although  there are good results seen in patients showing that exercise and healthy lifestyle  has positive effects in preventing the disease, these programs conducted some studies with some of their patients with high risk in those they observed that the one patients walking at least two hours and a half per week or walk 30 minutes a day five times a day reduced by 58% and because on that they improved their resistance to insulin(7) .

The Diabetes prevention program researchers reinforce that age should not prevent anyone to practise exercises because it is beneficial to everyone, every individual patients should  first discover a type of endurance exercise that fits into their daily schedule start from there, with this after enjoy, and continuously practise where, in a long term they will notice a change on flexibility, resistance, even stretching when exercising (7).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Reference list:

  1. Eriksson KF, Lindgrade F., 1991. prevention of Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus by diet and physical exercise. Diabetologia, 34 pp. 891-898.
  2. Myers et al., Exercise capacity and mortality among men referred for exercise testing. N Engl J Med, 346: pp.793-801.
  3. Wadden TA., 1993. The treatment of obesity: an overview. In obesity: theory and therapy Stunkard AJ, Wadden TA, Wds. New Yoerk, Raven Press, pp. 197-218.
  4. World Health Organization 2019. Health and Fitness.
  5. Page RCL, Harden KE, Cook JTE, Turner RC.,1992. Can life-styles of subjects with impaired glucose tolerance be changed? A feasibility study Diabet Med, 9pp. 562-566.
  6. Sigal RJ, Kenny GP, Wasserman DH, et, al 2006. physical activity/ exercise and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, pp. 8-1433.
  7. The Diabetes Prevention Research Group 1999. The Diabetes Prevention Program: design and methods for clinical trial in prevention of Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care, 22 pp. 623-634.
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